With what plus adjective plus noun

With what strange complacency ....

 --August 1853 installment of Scenes Beyond The Western Border; and Scenes and Adventures in the Army.

MOBY-DICK (1851)

with what wondrous habitude of unconscious skill the whaleman will maintain an erect posture in his boat --The First Lowering

with what prodigious fury the Bashaw assails him, and chases him away!  --Schools and Schoolmasters

See with what entire freedom the whaleman takes his handful of lamps --The Lamp

PIERRE (1852)

thereby intimating with what deep reverence his portrait would be handled

For he considered with what infinite readiness now, the most faithful portrait of any one could be taken by the Daguerreotype....

With what marvelous precision and exactitude he now went over in his mind all the minutest details of his old joyous life with his mother at Saddle Meadows.

In the August 1853 episode, the final installment of Scenes Beyond the Western Border, the narrator's imaginary traveling companion "Frank" quotes well known lines from James Thomson's The Seasons - Summer, slightly altered ("their minds" replacing Thomson's "her mind" or "his mind" in some anthologies).

                              — ' the smallest part
Exceeds the narrow visions of their minds.' "

muttering thunder

Here we make our camp: the sun shines out brightly, but muttering thunders marshall forth black clouds.... May 1852 Scenes Beyond the Western Border; and Scenes and Adventures in the Army (with "marshall" corrected to "marshal": "muttering thunders marshal forth black clouds.")

“Hark! The thunder becomes less muttering. It is nearing us, and nearing the earth, too. Hark! One crammed crash! All the vibrations made one by nearness. Another flash. Hold!”  --The Lightning-Rod Man in Putnam's Monthly Magazine 4 (August 1854) and The Piazza Tales.

Who uses "who lives" to start sentences of dramatic dialogue by fictive philosophers?

Babbalanja:

And who lives that blasphemes? --Mardi: And a Voyage Thither

The narrator of "Scenes Beyond the Western Border" (the 1851-1853 magazine series, reprinted with later revisions as Part II of Scenes and Adventures in the Army):

But who lives, who may not be wounded through another! --August 1852 Scenes Beyond the Western Border; and Scenes and Adventures in the Army

Apemantus:

... Who lives, that's not
Depraved or depraves? Who dies, that bears
Not one spurn to their graves of their friends' gift?   --Timon of Athens, Act 1 Scene 2

Who lives that’s not depravèd or depraves?
Who dies that bears not one spurn to their graves

Reading Bruyère on the mortal limits of friendship, Herman Melville remembered what Apemantus says in the first act of Timon and paraphrased in the margin:

"True, Shakespeare goes further. None die but somebody spurns them into the grave."
--quoted in Hershel Parker, Herman Melville: A Biography, Vol. 2, 1851-1891 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002), page 502.

True or false, friendship in the material world ends with death and burial. Bruyère's theme of temporal, conditional friendship, amplified by Shakespeare according to Melville, gets remarkably close to the essence of the narrator's lament in the August 1852 installment of "Scenes Beyond the Western Border." The narrating "Captain of U. S. Dragoons" continues in the Timon vein normally employed by Frank, his cynical traveling companion:

I dare say, nay, I am sure, that beyond some family ties, there is not upon the wide earth a heart in sympathy with our good or ill; whose even beat would be as much disturbed, were this wild sod to cover us forever, as the most ephemeral of the trifling cares which make up their petty lives."

Eventually our Captain recovers his romantic self, however. Ready to embrace Illusion over intolerable Truth, exemplifying the "heroism" of "blind credulity," he eloquently urges belief in

"a pure soul love, — a deathless friendship, which all life's trials and worldly baseness cannot soil or sap."

Unsupplied

Table of Contents - Scenes and Adventures in the Army

 CHAPTER XVIII.

Romantic Cheyenne Village — Adventures There  — Our Few Wants Unsupplied in the Wilderness — March Without Water....  --Contents, part 2 chapter 18 of Scenes and Adventures in the Army (Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston, 1857).

The word unsupplied occurs once in Redburn, once in Israel Potter; and thrice in Moby-Dick:

The shores of the Straits of Sunda are unsupplied with those domineering fortresses which guard the entrances to the Mediterranean, the Baltic, and the Propontis.--Chapter 87, The Grand Armada

But here a curious difficulty presented itself. In the excitement of the moment, Ahab had forgotten that since the loss of his leg he had never once stepped on board of any vessel at sea but his own, and then it was always by an ingenious and very handy mechanical contrivance peculiar to the Pequod, and a thing not to be rigged and shipped in any other vessel at a moment's warning. Now, it is no very easy matter for anybody—except those who are almost hourly used to it, like whalemen—to clamber up a ship's side from a boat on the open sea; for the great swells now lift the boat high up towards the bulwarks, and then instantaneously drop it half way down to the kelson. So, deprived of one leg, and the strange ship of course being altogether unsupplied with the kindly invention, Ahab now found himself abjectly reduced to a clumsy landsman again; hopelessly eyeing the uncertain changeful height he could hardly hope to attain.  --Chapter 100, Leg and Arm

What would become of a Greenland whale, say, in those shuddering, icy seas of the North, if unsupplied with his cosy surtout? --Chapter 68, The Blanket

the music changed

Instantly the music changed....  --Pierre: Or, The Ambiguities (1852)

Southern Literary Messenger - May 1853

But soon, the music changed; and, stranger then and there, to a sweet waltz!  --May 1853 Scenes Beyond the Western Border; and Scenes and Adventures in the Army (with "sweet waltz" revised to "joyous air").

Scenes and Adventures in the Army (1857) - page 409

Welcome then

And welcome then, the rapids and the final plunge!  --July 1852 Scenes Beyond the Western Border; and Scenes and Adventures in the Army

Welcome then be Ugliness and Poverty and Infamy, and all ye other crafty ministers of Truth....  --Pierre: Or, The Ambiguities (first published in July 1852).

Life is little better than sleep

... life is little else than an often interrupted and luxurious nap. --Typee

And why not tell my dream?—Life is little better; nay, it is little different.  --March 1853 Scenes Beyond the Western Border; and Scenes and Adventures in the Army.